長毛（máo）兔作為重要的經濟毛用動物，其配偶時期（qī）的選擇直接（jiē）關係到繁殖效率（lǜ）與後代品質。了解長毛兔的生理特性與行為規律，科學把（bǎ）握配偶時機，是養殖戶提升經濟效益的（de）關鍵。

　　As an important economic fur animal, the selection of mating period for long haired rabbits directly affects reproductive efficiency and offspring quality. Understanding the physiological characteristics and behavioral patterns of long haired rabbits, and scientifically grasping the timing of mating, are key factors for farmers to improve their economic efficiency.

　　長毛兔的性成熟年（nián）齡通常在46月齡，但具體時間受品種、營養狀況（kuàng）及環境因素影響（xiǎng）。公（gōng）兔性成熟後，睾丸開始分泌雄性激素，表現為睾丸體積增大、體重增加，並出現爬跨行為。母兔性（xìng）成熟時，卵（luǎn）巢開始周期（qī）性排卵，進（jìn）入發情周期。

　　The sexual maturity age of long haired rabbits is usually between 4 to 6 months old, but the specific time is affected by breed, nutritional status, and environmental factors. After male rabbits reach sexual maturity, their testicles begin to secrete male hormones, manifested as increased testicular volume, weight gain, and crawling behavior. When the female rabbit reaches sexual maturity, the ovaries begin to ovulate periodically and enter the estrus cycle.

　　長毛兔（tù）的（de）發情周（zhōu）期具有季節性特點。在（zài）自然光照條件下，春季與（yǔ）秋季（jì）是發情高峰期，這與光（guāng）照（zhào）時間與溫度變化密切相（xiàng）關。人工養殖環境中，通過調控光照時間與強度，可實現全年（nián）均衡發（fā）情。母兔發情周期平均為16天，分為發情期、發情（qíng）後期與（yǔ）間情期。發情期持（chí）續23天，是配偶的時機。

　　The estrus cycle of long haired rabbits has seasonal characteristics. Under natural lighting conditions, spring and autumn are the peak periods of estrus, which is closely related to changes in lighting time and temperature. In artificial breeding environments, by regulating the duration and intensity of light, balanced estrus can be achieved throughout the year. The average estrus cycle of female rabbits is 16 days, divided into estrus period, late estrus period, and estrus period. The estrus period lasts for 2 to 3 days, which is the best time for spouses.

　　母兔發情（qíng）期間行為變化顯著。初期表現為躁動不安、食欲減退、頻繁（fán）活動，隨著發情進展，會出現陰部紅腫、分泌黏液等生理（lǐ）變化（huà）。養殖戶可通過（guò）觀察母兔行為（wéi）與陰部（bù）狀態（tài），結合試情（qíng）公兔反應，準確判斷發（fā）情階段。試情公兔對母兔氣味敏感，發情母兔會主動接近公兔，並呈現伏臥待配姿勢。

　　The behavior of female rabbits changes significantly during estrus. The initial symptoms include restlessness, decreased appetite, and frequent activity. As estrus progresses, physiological changes such as redness and swelling of the genital area and secretion of mucus may occur. Farmers can accurately determine the estrus stage by observing the behavior and genital condition of female rabbits, combined with the reaction of male rabbits in the trial. Male rabbits in estrus are sensitive to the scent of female rabbits, and female rabbits in estrus will actively approach them and adopt a lying down position for mating.

　　配偶時期（qī）的選擇需考慮多重因素。母（mǔ）兔排卵為刺激性排（pái）卵，需在交配後1012小時完（wán）成受精。因此（cǐ），配（pèi）偶時機為母兔發（fā）情中（zhōng）後期，此時卵子成（chéng）熟度與子宮環境均處於狀態。公兔精液品質在早晨與傍晚達到高峰（fēng），選擇此時段進行配偶，可提高受孕率。

　　The choice of spouse period needs to consider multiple factors. The ovulation of female rabbits is stimulated ovulation, which requires fertilization to be completed 10 to 12 hours after mating. Therefore, the best mate timing is during the mid to late stage of estrus in female rabbits, when both egg maturity and uterine environment are in optimal condition. The quality of male rabbit semen reaches its peak in the morning and evening, and choosing this time for mating can improve the fertility rate.

　　為提升繁殖效率，養殖戶需建立科學的配（pèi）偶管理製度。對後備種兔實施分群飼養，避免過早配偶導致發育受阻。成年種兔采取“一公多母”配偶模式，公兔使用頻率以每周23次（cì）為宜，防止（zhǐ）過度使用導致精液品質下降。配偶後需及時（shí）記錄配偶（ǒu）日期與母兔反應（yīng），為妊娠診斷與產期推算提供依據。

　　To improve breeding efficiency, farmers need to establish a scientific spouse management system. Implement group feeding for reserve rabbits to avoid premature mating and developmental delays. Adult breeding rabbits adopt a "one male, multiple female" mating mode, with a recommended frequency of 2-3 times per week for male rabbits to prevent excessive use from causing a decrease in semen quality. After becoming a spouse, it is necessary to promptly record the spouse's date and the mother rabbit's reaction, providing a basis for pregnancy diagnosis and delivery date calculation.

　　在配偶過程（chéng）中，需特別注意環境控製。配偶場所需保持安靜、幹燥，避免強（qiáng）光直射與噪音幹擾。配偶前（qián）對母兔外陰部進行清潔，防止細菌感染。配偶後避免立即（jí）投（tóu）喂（wèi）飼料，防止母兔因消化負（fù）擔影響受精卵（luǎn）著床。

　　During the process of marriage, special attention should be paid to environmental control. The spouse's place should be kept quiet and dry, avoiding direct sunlight and noise interference. Before mating, clean the external genitalia of the female rabbit to prevent bacterial infection. Avoid feeding feed immediately after mating to prevent the female rabbit from affecting the implantation of fertilized eggs due to digestive burden.

　　長毛兔的妊娠（shēn）期平均為31天，配偶後1215天可進（jìn）行（háng）妊娠診斷。通過觸摸母兔腹部，可感知胚胎活動。妊（rèn）娠期需加強營養（yǎng）供給，提高飼（sì）料中蛋（dàn）白質與維生素含（hán）量，為胎兒發育（yù）提供充足營養。

　　The average gestation period of long haired rabbits is 31 days, and pregnancy diagnosis can be made 12 to 15 days after the spouse. By touching the abdomen of the female rabbit, embryonic activity can be perceived. During pregnancy, it is necessary to strengthen nutritional supply, increase the protein and vitamin content in feed, and provide sufficient nutrition for fetal development.

　　長毛（máo）兔的配偶時期選擇需結合生理特性、行為表現與環境因素，通（tōng）過科學管理實現繁（fán）殖。養殖（zhí）戶需不斷積累實踐經驗，優化配偶策略，以提升長毛（máo）兔養（yǎng）殖的綜合效益。

　　The selection of mate period for long haired rabbits should be based on physiological characteristics, behavioral performance, and environmental factors, and achieve efficient reproduction through scientific management. Farmers need to continuously accumulate practical experience and optimize mate strategies to enhance the comprehensive benefits of raising long haired rabbits.

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